Nationalism During World War One History Essay

Patriotism During World War One History Essay World War 1, the contention which submurged the world somewhere in the range of 1914 and 1918 remaining a monstrous blemish on the twentieth century, and formed the world wherein we live in today. At no other time has country conflicted with each other on such a fabulous scale. Advances in weaponry took into account the executing of fighters of immense numbers. At the point when the war mists at long last cleared, governments had self-destructed. New countries were conceived and the seeds were planted for a significantly more prominent clash to inundate the world. A significant contributing element to the pressure between incredible forces that prompted the flare-up of the First World War was called Nationalism. Patriotism prompted the flare-up of the War when nations needed to show themselves as the most remarkable and propelled society on the planet. At the point when nations began to get nationalistic, they became to consider themselves to be predominant, as pleased, as prevailing , turned out to be impulsive the same number of turned out to be excessively glad for their countries. At the point when the death of Archduke Franz Ferdinand came to fruition, therefore set off the World War and an ever increasing number of nations began to get include. The war changed the world and the general public we live in today. During the nineteenth and twentieth century, patriotism had spread itself all over Europe. Every single amazing country, for example, Russia and Germany had solid convictions towards the idea of supporting their own country. At the point when Nationalism was raised, countries accepted that their own needs should be met before those of different countries. These solid convictions came to assume a vital job the same number of patriots turned out to be so pleased with their countries that later on the countries that they battled for it to turn into the most extravagant and most remarkable country of all. The sign of national pride turned into a gigantic issue for the Austro-Hungarian Empire while they endeavored to keep up request and harmony inside seize are of Bosnia. This force was put under danger because of the Slavonic people groups loathe of the Austro-Hungarians and needed themselves to be do not part anymore, and needed to be a different country know today as Yugoslavia. The de ath of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his better half was a significant result of patriotism. The death of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Serbian patriots was an occasion which was brought about by various components which delivered broad stun across Europe. The Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his better half Sophie were killed on the 28th of June 1914. The death happened during the Archdukes visit to Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Archduke was focused because of the general inclination among Serbians that when he would have been selected the seat, Ferdinand would proceed with the oppression of Serbs living inside the fringes of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Only minutes after the two had been shot; the specialists captured the executioner, Gavrilo Princip, a Serbian understudy, who was accepted to have been connected to the Serbian fear based oppressor association, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…The Black Hand㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ . Following two days into the death, Austria-Hungary and Germany exhort the Serbs that they should open an examination to discover the path of the death . The Austrian government later on considered this to be an opportunity to end the apparent danger from Serbia. Austria-Hungary gave Serbia with numerous ultimatums after the death, yet nothing had changed. A short time later, on the 28 of July, 1914, guaranteed with German help, Austria had announced war on Serbia which quick stun and danger around Europe. Later on, Russia assembled its armed forces in Serbia㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s barrier, which activated France to participate with the Russians and the French. Germany accepting this as a demonstration of war against the Austro-Hungarians and activated their armed forces in enormous numbers on the Western Front. Germany had attacked France through Belgium which their nonpartisanship had been ensured by the British. Later on, this was a reason for the British to enter the war and sent numerous soldiers to France. As the British devoted that nobody force ought to overwhelm Europe, especially the coastline confronting the British Isles. G ermanys activities in this way, drew the British away from its pioneer aspirations and towards endeavoring to balance out Europe. In spite of the fact that the death of the Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand set off the asking of the World War, Europe has just been stir up by the gatherings of patriots and disdain been spread all through Europe. Then again, numerous individuals had various perspectives on how the Great War began. Many accepted that the coalition framework was the significant reason for the World War. The union framework is a gathering of countries combined to help each other at whatever point reinforcement is required. Every country settled on a consent to help and help at whatever point their union gets out for help. In 1879, the Dual coalition which was comprised of Germany and Austria, settled on another concurrence with Italy, at that point was named the Triple partnership. France and Britain became partners in 1892, and later on Russia participate. These three nations combined and were known as the Triple Entente, which was one of the most remarkable arrangement of coalition in Europe. The two collusions were very much equipped and amazing, and when difference happened inside 2 nations, in view of the partnership framework, a little neighborhood war transformed into the greatest war that earth has ever observed. As Belgium was a land-bolted nation and was encircled by the two unions, Britain consented to secure it when a country would announce war on them. After the death of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand, Austria pronounced war on Serbia. With the union framework, nations announced war on one another as nations pledged to secure their coalition framework at whatever point war was about. To summarize, a little war between two nations spread all over Europe as collusions were made up to secure each other. To sum up, WW1 left a huge imprint in the general public we live in today. Numerous individuals had passed on from wild powers which were seething to flaunt their general public. Patriotism set off the World War as nations attempted to show others what they were able to do. At the point when patriotism spread itself around Europe, it rankled numerous the same number of significant figures were killed and left a monstrous imprint which maddened thousands. Patriotism prompted the passing of Archduke Franz Ferdinand when he chose a Serbian national occasion to march through Sarajevo, stirring patriot dislike. At the point when Ferdinand was executed, as an image of contempt against Austria and Serbia, since nations were partnered inside one another, a little nearby war turned into the biggest and most hazardous war earth has ever observed. Other than the death of the Archduke, there was another significant reason which numerous individuals had faith in. The collusion framework assembled social orders swearing that if any assistance is required, different social orders that vowed to help must put forth a valiant effort to accomplish their duties. At the point when two nations conflicted into one another, they brought in for help and partnerships occurred not long after. World War one has left a reveling blemish on the twentieth century that will never be overlooked , even thousands and after million years on.

Building Tension Skills For Crafting Suspense In Your Story - Freewrite Store

Building Tension Skills For Crafting Suspense In Your Story - Freewrite Store Acing your art as an essayist - particularly as a fiction author - can take years. That’s the terrible news. Fortunately you can be proactive in getting to grasps with the abilities and strategies you have to take your composition from fair to stunning. One of the most essential aptitudes you have to understand is that of making pressure (or tension) in your accounts. Why Suspense Matters Anticipation is a fundamental fixing in fiction. It’s what keeps your perusers turning the page long after they’ve proclaimed that they’ll ‘read only one more page before I put the light out’. Without strain and anticipation, your story is level and dormant. At the point when I initially began as a self-declared fiction author, I didn’t comprehend tension by any means. I believed that tension fiction was a classification the entirety of its own, thus I didn’t acknowledge that it was so imperative to my accounts. Anticipation matters. You can’t compose an incredible story without it. Tragically, composing scenes loaded with anticipation and pressure can be dubious. You need to find out about the correct parity (also called pacing) and comprehend the various procedures you can use to make pressure. Creators who depend a lot on only a couple of pressure building methods experience the ill effects of the awful issue of making ‘predictable tension’. You may pull off that in one book, however in the event that you assemble an after of fans, you’ll before long find that they get astute to your anticipated pressure strategies, so your composing loses a lot of its tension. You need to keep your perusers held, which implies you need an entire armory of pressure strategies that you can stir up in your composition to stay away from the passing sound of consistency. I’m going to show you three fundamental tension aptitudes you have to compose unputdownable fiction. #1. Make Crucial Conflict Struggle is one of the key elements of emotional composition. Strife consequently makes pressure in scenes, so normally, it’s an author’s closest companion. What makes strife much increasingly significant is its flexibility. There are various sorts of contention as well. For instance: Character versus nature (for example at the point when a character faces a catastrophic event) Character versus self (for example a character who has an inside battle to manage) Character versus society (for example characters set in opposition to a severe government system, or a character that’s part of a minority bunch who battles with minimization) Character versus character - social sort (for example pathetic love or a dramatization inside a family) Character versus character - saint/reprobate sort (for example the conventional hero versus trouble maker circumstance) Character versus innovation (for example sci-fi situations where innovation is the opponent) Character versus the otherworldly (for example situations where characters are confronted with fights against predictions about their own destiny) As should be obvious from this rundown of contention types, strife in fiction is constantly established in characters - the contention is between the character and something different. In the event that you attempt to make struggle by some other methods, your story will crash and burn, tragically. At its heart, struggle is tied in with something keeping your character(s) from their objectives. That implies that you have to know - and clarify to your perusers - what your characters’ objectives are. Without this basic initial step, you can’t make the strain you have to make a holding story. Invest some energy conceptualizing your character’s objectives and the kinds of contention that may shield them from accomplishing those objectives. Choose a few situations from your meeting to generate new ideas and compose a scene for every where your character is set in opposition to the exacting or metaphorical enemy to their objective. Making struggle is an aptitude you have to rehearse until it turns into a programmed piece of composing. Don’t simply practice when you’re composing your novel, either. Sharpening your art as an essayist implies investing energy building up your aptitudes before you plunk down to compose your showstopper. Here’s a few prompts you should attempt: Davy is going to go out and set out traveling when a surprising visitor arrives†¦ Allison has arranged the discourse she’s going to make to part ways with Drew, however at that point, similarly as she’s going to open her mouth, Drew gets down on one knee and proposes†¦ Craig has quite recently acknowledged a spot at CalTec when a report breaks that compromises his whole future†¦ Becca is climbing in the mountains alone, attempting to grapple with something that’s occurred, when a furious tempest out of the blue hits. #2. Up the ante You know your characters, you know their objectives - however your objective as an essayist is to shield your characters from accomplishing their objectives (at any rate until you’re prepared for the peak of your story). One thing that frightened me when I began composing full time was the amount I came to identify with my heroes, to such an extent that I felt terrible for setting them in opposition to such huge numbers of obstructions to keep them from their objectives. You can’t stand to let nostalgia hinder your pressure making aptitudes. I discovered that the most difficult way possible. One of the best methods of making pressure in your composing is to continue upping the ante. This implies the more your characters battle against the things contradicting their objectives, the further away they appear from accomplishing their objectives. There’s a scope of ways you can up the ante in your novel - yet before you get to composing your story no doubt, take a stab at rehearsing these diverse stake-raising procedures: The Ticking Clock Nothing ups the ante in excess of a period limit. By and by, that implies that you give your character an objective that must be accomplished in a specific time allotment. The motivation behind why the breaking point is there is up to you. At the point when you utilize this strategy, each time your character makes a bombed endeavor to conquer the snag in their manner, the more mindful the peruser happens to how brief period is left. It keeps your perusers grasped. The Fun-House Floor On the off chance that you’ve never been in a fun-house, this won’t mean anything to you, so I’ll clarify. In a fun-house there is frequently a segment comprised of stages that go all over and side to side, making it extremely hard to cross to the opposite side. In fiction, the fun-house floor method presents change and vulnerability for your character, unbalancing them and making them (and your peruser) wonder how to push ahead. There’s a lot of things you can acquaint with make vulnerability - the passing of a friend or family member, the disclosure of a mystery, the departure of a vocation. The Shock Revelation To utilize this procedure viably, you have to get foretelling (you can look at my manual for utilizing anticipating on the off chance that you need to catch up on those aptitudes). Making a stun disclosure is an extraordinary method of upping the ante - as long as you guarantee that it’s a disclosure that somehow or another keeps your character from their objectives. You can’t simply dump a stun disclosure into your story, notwithstanding. It should be set up (utilizing portending - however cautiously) with the goal that your perusers get the ‘ah-ha’ second. Throwing in a disclosure that you haven’t implied inconspicuously at utilizing hinting isn’t going to satisfy your perusers. It tends to be a stun to your character, however your perusers may as of now have their doubts. Working on Raising the Stakes Utilize these prompts to rehearse your stake-raising aptitudes: Amelia’s nephew has disappeared while she was dealing with him, and his folks are expected home in 36 hours†¦ The cutoff time is in three days... Juan has only 24 hours to accumulate proof to demonstrate that his accomplice is guiltless of the murder†¦ Carrie gets a mysterious letter with the words â€Å"I comprehend what you did† on it... Ethan’s mystery is out†¦ Michael’s uncle bites the dust suddenly†¦ Stefan has quite recently paid the store on his townhouse when his supervisor fires him... #3. Accomplice Tension With Pacing At the point when I understood that my fiction was missing strain, I kinda went to the outrageous with it, and attempted to toss pressure into each scene, each discussion, each second my characters took to think†¦ It wasn’t beautiful. It was the exact inverse of lovely. When you’re working with pressure and anticipation, you have to have an equalization. That’s where pacing comes in. Pacing gives your characters (and your perusers) time to inhale between serious scenes loaded up with pressure. You can’t have your character going from pressure filled-scene to strain filled-scene without having a ‘normality’ in the middle. That’s not how genuine functions, and it doesn’t work in fiction, either. Understanding pacing makes a progressively practical stream to your fiction, which is the reason it’s significant you figure out how to pace your writing in corresponding with pressure. There are two kinds of pacing - quick pacing and moderate pacing. Let’s investigate them and perceive how you can accomplice pacing with strain for remarkable fiction. Quick Pacing Basically, quick pacing is the place the greater part of your pressure lives. These scenes convey earnestness and invest less energy in pointless subtleties. When you’re composing these sorts of scenes, you need your composition to be punchy to mirror the pace. This isn't the spot for long portrayals or clarifications. Quick pacing works by building pressure to a crescendo. These are the scenes that will keep your peruser earnestly turning the pages to discover what occurs. Slow Pacing To give your character a breather, slow pacing after an especially tense scene works truly well. Here’s where you can foc

Writing a Blockbuster Novel

Writing a Blockbuster Novel With all of the options to self-publish, many new authors are learning the joys of writing the blockbuster novel theyve always wanted to write. However, especially if you self-publish, the extent of your success as an author is largely determined by the quality of the content and how well you market your work. In self-publishing, you dont have a marketing team and editorial staff advising on what works and what doesnt, so doing your research from the beginning is the best way to avoid wasting time on a novel that doesnt have what it takes to keep your readers interested in reading further.So how to you write the blockbuster novel? Well, it requires a lot of time, a lot of research and a lot of patience, but beyond that, here are some necessary steps you should take.Step 1 â€" Write what you knowThis step seems to be the most obvious but isnt always so. It can be difficult to narrow down the subject matter, genre, and core content of the novel you want to write, but the best way to ge t started is to ask yourself two important questions:What topic(s) do I know a lot about? (Remember, the more unique, the better)What genre do I read the most?Your answers to these two questions will determine the absolute best approach you can take to writing a novel. When you write what you know, there is a certain natural element of authenticity that shows up in your writing that is hard to replicate by someone who doesnt have your unique knowledge and/or experience. Writing within a genre that is comfortable for you is another big plus to make it through the process as painlessly as possibleâ€"you know what works (e.g., what has been published already) and you know what that genres typical audience wants to read.Step 2 â€" Use multiple points of viewSome of the best novels ever written used multiple points of view. It creates a more intricate storyline than having an omniscient narrator and it removes the threat of the novelists voice becoming too overpowering. In reading a stor y from multiple points of view, we are able to see locations through the eyes of the character rather than having them impersonally described by a narrator. We are also able to see how the characters view each other without obligatory narrator description.Using multiple points of view also allows the story to move forward easier and at a better pace. You can switch points of view from chapter to chapter (or even within chapters, although this is unusual) and keep the pace strong, while also giving your reader another reason to keep reading. If weve left character A in a precarious situation in chapter 4, then use another point of view for chapter 5, it is likely that the reader will want to keep reading to chapter 6 or chapter 7â€"whichever chapter brings us back to character A and her predicament.Step 3 â€" Outline completelyWhile its tempting to jump right in and start writing, its almost impossible to write a great novel without outlining first. Ask any novelist about the outlini ng process and he or she will likely tell you that they spent weeks (even months) working on an outline before they ever put pen to paper (or more appropriately in the digital age, finger to keyboard).Youll find that in the process of outlining, your story might completely change from what you originally intended. Thats because when you outline correctly, youll be able to see all the moving parts with a birds eye viewâ€"and this view often shows you were there are holes in your story or plot turns that wont work. Outlining gives you an idea of how the plot will build and what it will build toward, so that you can leave hints along the way through character development or foreshadowing.Step 4 â€" End each chapter with a question in your readers mindThe end of a chapter is arguably the most important part of itâ€"primarily because the way you end it will either discourage or encourage your audience to keep reading. One way to ensure your readers keep turning the page is to end the cha pter with a burning question or curiosity that your reader needs to answer.This part can be done in the outlining process and will also be beneficial for helping you divide up chapters in the most effective way. As you are outlining what will happen, write the question that should be on the readers mind at the end of each chapter.Will [insert character name here] be shot by the man who just entered the room with a gun?Will the girl accept the ring that was just handed to her in a marriage proposal?Will that ticking bomb go off?You get the idea…Step 5 â€" Dont marry the first few draftsSpeaking of marriage, heres a good rule of thumb for writing your blockbuster novel: dont marry the first few drafts. Youll find that throughout the process of outlining and writing a first draft, the story you originally planned for takes on a life of its own and often goes in entirely different directions than originally planned.If you get attached to your first draft, you wont give your story the opportunity to take on its own life. When youre absolutely convinced you should keep a plot element or character trait that somehow changes over the course of writing the first draft (or first few drafts), you are limiting your novel. Let the characters develop themselves as you go and be willing to part with them if they arent working out.

What Is Electroplating and How Does It Work

Electrochemistry is a process by which very thin layers of a selected metal are bonded to the surface of another metal at the molecular level. The process itself involves creating an electrolytic cell: a device that uses electricity to deliver molecules to a particular location. How Electroplating Works Electroplating is the application of electrolytic cells in which a thin layer of metal is deposited onto an electrically conductive surface. A cell consists of two electrodes (conductors), usually made of metal, which are held apart from one another. The electrodes are immersed in an electrolyte (a solution). When an electric current is turned on, positive ions in the electrolyte move to the negatively charged electrode, called the cathode. Positive ions are atoms with one electron too few. When they reach the cathode, they combine with electrons and lose their positive charge. At the same time, negatively charged ions move to the positive electrode, called the anode. Negatively charged ions are atoms with one electron too many. When they reach the positive anode, they transfer their electrons to it and lose their negative charge. The Anode and Cathode In one form of electroplating, the metal to be plated is located at the anode of the circuit, with the item to be plated located at the cathode. Both the anode and cathode are immersed in a solution that contains a dissolved metal salt—such as an ion of the metal being plated—and other ions that act to permit the flow of electricity through the circuit. Direct current is supplied to the anode, oxidizing its metal atoms and dissolving them in the electrolyte solution. The dissolved metal ions are reduced at the cathode, plating the metal onto the item. The current through the circuit is such that the rate at which the anode is dissolved is equal to the rate at which the cathode is plated. Purpose of Electroplating There are several reasons why you might want to coat a conductive surface with metal. Silver plating and gold plating of jewelry or silverware typically are performed to improve the appearance and value of the items. Chromium plating improves the appearance of objects and also improves its wear. Zinc or tin coatings may be applied to confer corrosion resistance. Sometimes, electroplating is performed simply to increase the thickness of an item. Electroplating Example A simple example of the electroplating process is the electroplating of copper in which the metal to be plated (copper) is used as the anode, and the electrolyte solution contains the ion of the metal to be plated (Cu2 in this example). Copper goes into solution at the anode as it is plated at the cathode. A constant concentration of Cu2 is maintained in the electrolyte solution surrounding the electrodes: Anode: Cu(s) → Cu2(aq) 2 e-Cathode: Cu2(aq) 2 e- → Cu(s) Common Electroplating Processes Metal Anode Electrolyte Application Cu Cu 20% CuSO4, 3% H2SO4 electrotype Ag Ag 4% AgCN, 4% KCN, 4% K2CO3 jewelry, tableware Au Au, C, Ni-Cr 3% AuCN, 19% KCN, 4% Na3PO4 buffer jewelry Cr Pb 25% CrO3, 0.25% H2SO4 automobile parts Ni Ni 30% NiSO4, 2% NiCl2, 1% H3BO3 Cr base plate Zn Zn 6% Zn(CN)2, 5% NaCN, 4% NaOH, 1% Na2CO3, 0.5% Al2(SO4)3 galvanized steel Sn Sn 8% H2SO4, 3% Sn, 10% cresol-sulfuric acid tin-plated cans

Introducing Friendship Essay Samples

Introducing Friendship Essay Samples Why Almost Everything You've Learned About Friendship Essay Samples Is Wrong If you're giving the job of writing anessay about friend, about friends or friendships, you've accepted an excellent job. As an example, true friends can give a useful advice when an individual has to pick a college or college major. Ask somebody you trust to reassess your essay. Consider the vital points you want to construct your persuasive essay about friendship on. The New Fuss About Friendship Essay Samples Finally, among the explanations for why you must always value friendship is that a very good friend will always be present to lend you a helping hand whenever you require it. A friend is a present from God, because a true friend is really a fortune. Speaking from experience, a genuine friend is somebody you can lean on when you truly feel as if you haven't any other outlet. Reliable a fantastic friend is one which you can count on for anything. Definiti ons of Friendship Essay Samples A superb friendship is extremely difficult to come across. Sometimes it's possible to observe that girls could possibly be too mean to one another in their relationships. Trust good friends ought to be trustworthy. Friendships ought to be tested by the moment. They end for many different reasons. So friendship has to be treated very delicately. Otherwise friendship cannot be possible. For young men and women, friendships may end as a consequence of acceptance into new social groups. Social media including Facebook and Twitter also have caused a reduction in the total amount of private communication experienced in everyday life, and serves to make emotional attachments more challenging to attain. In the usa, many forms of relationships are deemed friendships. Another way to lessen your stress is to discover an interest, hobby or activity where you're feeling in charge and call the shots. Real Friends want the very best for you. They are one of most important things in our lives. They are supposed to be among the most reliable people in the world because friendship is based on trust. Friendship Essay Samples: the Ultimate Convenience! Friendships that are a valuable part of every ind ividual's life may have a substantial effect on an individual's communication skills, self-esteem and lifestyles. Going through hard times together is a whole lot more important for understanding what a specific relationship could be worth. Let's take a better look at a number of the things that could show the real value of friendship. How and whether to discuss the conclusion of a friendship is an issue of etiquette that depends upon the conditions. What Everybody Dislikes About Friendship Essay Samples and Why The relationship is equally as strong. Friendship is necessary for the thriving wellbeing of every individual. Since early childhood, friendships play a vital role in everybody's life. To me friendship is essential and I don't make the most of it one second! God would like you to befriend others. It isn't easy to say something bad about the friendship. however, it is a fact that any careless person becomes cheated in friendship. Sometimes friendship becomes broke n because of the ego and matter of self-respect. In conclusion, it is a huge part of our lives and it is something to be treasured. Although love is beautiful, it may also be frightening. It is crucial to have somebody with whom you may share your thoughts freely. If you think about friendship and argumentative essays, your very first thought could be the huge argument that almost left the both of you enemies. FRIENDSHIP There are lots of valuable things in life, but friendship might be one of the absolute most important. Even if it's not feasible that you devote time together in person, being in a position to communicate with somebody by phone, email or even text message can also supply you with a sense of companionship. In many instances, friends become lost with the course of the moment. True friends attempt to prevent conflicts and do everything possible to create their relations stronger. Being best friends enable you to comprehend one another's silence during the rough times and still be there in the right time of need.

Are Science and Religion in Conflict Free Essays

Are Science and Religion in Conflict? Indeed,a conflict does exist between science and religion however the conflict is based on the lack of acceptance and vast misconceptions which members of either side are unwilling to let go of. The conflict between science and religion exists because there is a lack of congruence between the results achieved through scientific discovery and the beliefs required by a religion to follow. This has led to the formation of two extremes i. We will write a custom essay sample on Are Science and Religion in Conflict? or any similar topic only for you Order Now e. either accept faith and the doctrines required by faith to be observed or accept the rational methodologies of science. In an article published by â€Å"The Atlantic†, the author is of the opinion that solving the riddle that creates the conflict between science and religion is of utmost importance for the current generation. This is because of the reason that these two schools of thought are the most influential forces and guide the way we live our lives (Alfred). Science and religion since their inception have been in a state of continuous development. However this development has been in the opposite direction i. e. nitially science studied the literature provided by religion however with the development of scientific research, certain religious concepts remained unproven because they were considered â€Å"Abstract† by science. This has led to people accepting one side to be true and the other false (Alfred). There is a conflict between science and religion however this is because of the fact that people are hesitant to study both and stick to one side. This has led to the permanent h ousing of misconceptions in the minds of people and is adding fuel to the fire i. e. increasing the conflict between the two ways of life. The major reason behind the conflict between science and religion is the lack of acceptance of conclusions reached by either science or religion regarding a particular matter. If science put more light on the topic under discussion, religious scholars would deny those facts based on the grounds that the research is â€Å"blasphemous† and contradicts basic religious principles. An article by the â€Å"Times† magazine states the Christian Church and other religions including Islam focus on key aspects of human creation such as the possession of a soul by every human being or the miracles performed by saints and â€Å"Men of God†. Science however focuses on new ways of quantifying and measuring human evolution; both the concepts create a conflict (Dan, 2006). Science has been able to prove the physical existence of emotions such as passion, anger by locating it in different parts of the brain. This contradicts with the principle followed by most religions regarding the presence of a soul in every human and how that soul is free from bodily functions etc. However acceptance of this is denied by religious scholars based on the grounds that the concept of the Afterlife is fundamental to most religions and the concept of the soul is greatly in congruence with the Afterlife (Dan, 2006). Scientific research should not be viewed as a threat to the fundamentals of a religion rather the studies should be perceived as being insightful i. e. the research further clarifies religious concepts rather than denouncing them. There are certain driving factors that govern the existence and acceptance of the conflict between science and religion. Upbringing, Education and Social behavior are some of the factors that lead to people in both the scientific and religious communities to accept that there indeed is a rift between science and religion. In an article by Elaine Howard of Rice University and Jerry Z. Park of Baylor University, they provided the results of a study they carried out which involved the selection of 21 American scientists who were considered to be among the elite of the time. They studied their attitude towards religion and deduced that all scientists i. e. hether a naturalist or social scientist, have different levels of acceptance towards the conflict that exists between science and religion. The acceptance is affected by their culture and extent of religious practice (Ecklund Park, 2009). Since everyone needs something to believe in, scientists who do not belong to a strict religious background readily accept the conflict since they have devoted their life to one particular school of thought. This percep tion is formed after extensive research based on rational thinking and seeking proof of everything which makes scientists so skeptical about religious beliefs. Among scientists however there is a lack of acceptance towards a religion even if he/she is a believer. This is because of the perceived pressure they would receive if their peers in the scientific community were to discover this fact (Elaine, 2010). The only way to resolve the conflict is to accept religious diversity as well as the free discussion of scientific concepts without being judged as being blasphemous. It is through this open discussion that the misunderstandings that exist between scholars of both extremes be cleared. The ways the scientific concepts are taught in schools are one of the major causes of the conflict. Since the teachers do not have clear knowledge and understanding of the scientific concepts, they pass on inadequate information to the students attending. In an article named â€Å"First Year College Students’ Conflict with Religion and Science† issued by the Georgia State University, the author tells us that it is in the human nature to perceive oneself to be better than the rest. The general public tends to interpret and create their own perceptions regarding scientific concepts and religious beliefs. The self-interpretations lead to misconceptions which are major cause of the rift that exists between science and religion (Martin, 2008). The schools and teachers within those schools teach in a manner that fixes and restricts the brain of the student to think beyond what is thought. The rigid concepts become permanent with the passage of time which leads to the rejection of anything other than the closely held concepts. Science and religion develop over time, sometimes even complimenting each other. If a clear understanding of the advancements would not be obtained, there would always be room for misinterpretations. Therefore to remove the conflict at an elementary stage, teachers should encourage students to interpret scientific research however they should know what is right and what is not in order to correct the misconceptions when they arise. An Evangelist is a person who preaches faith based on his or her own perception about the beliefs fundamental to the faith. Christian evangelists have always been skeptical towards scientific concepts as well as theological theories about the creation of the world. Amos Yong carried out an analysis of various literary works related to the explanation of the conflict paradigm between science and religion. The findings were summarized in the article named â€Å"Science and Religion: Introducing the Issues, Entering the Debates – A review essay† and focused primarily on discovering ways to align the methods of the church with scientific methodologies (Yong, 2011). The study identified various conceptual frameworks that could be adopted which would align the thought process of the evangelist with scientific methodologies. Other measures that could be adopted include targeting the people lower in the hierarchy at the church. These people could be taught the concepts of science and how science can better explain religion (Yong, 2011). The only way to resolve the conflict that exists for evangelists is to align their religious beliefs with rational scientific methods. Since an evangelist is a strict believer in faith, the beliefs would always be fundamental however better scientific knowledge can help bridge the differences. Science is based on methods and the rationale behind every phenomenon. Religion however on the other hand requires the believer to keep faith in the fundamental principles. Both present a different picture of the same thing and it is this difference in perception that has developed a conflict between science and religion. Science and Religion are two sides of the same coin. These two schools of thoughts add to each other rather than diverging. Religious concepts such as morality can be better understood through scientific research which helps understand and adhere to religion better. There is a connection of knowledge between science and religion which if strengthened is in the favor of the future of the human race. Science and religion have a point where the two schools of thoughts converge. One of the points is quality of being spiritual. Although scientists work on the basis of rationality, they still have a spiritual side which allows them to keep faith while exploring the horizons of science and reasoning. In an article titled â€Å"Science vs. Religion: What Scientists Really Think†, the author Elaine Ecklund states that even atheists have a certain level of spirituality within them. The spirituality may not necessarily be associated with keeping faith however there is a curiosity regarding the origination and formation of our plant and existence (Elaine, 2010). The spiritual side within scientists is promoted by their upbringing and education. The spiritual side makes them interested in religious beliefs. Through their scientific approach and belief in religious concepts, it makes it easier for them to focus on scientific research and proving religious concepts to be accurate (Elaine, 2010). Therefore spirituality leads to a better scientific reasoning approach to be adopted. Through religious involvement scientific research can be refined and complex questions can be answered. Morality and reality go hand in hand. Morality is the set of values and attitudes that are generally acceptable by a particular society for a particular moment in time. Religion requires a greater focus on displaying moral behavior. Morality can be better displayed by understanding reality and how it is affected by moral thinking. Morality is required by religion whereas reality is explained by science proving that there is a deeper link rather than a conflict. Through scientific reasoning we are able to deduce the right way to behave in a society. These studies can help assess what moral behavior is. The article â€Å"Religion vs. Science† outlines the scientific efforts to better understand moral behavior which helps us adhere to religious principles in a better way (Honner, 1994). Science is able to study all factors that affect behavior including societal norms, environmental conditions and personal feelings. By quantifying morality, we are able to develop a better understanding of what constitutes morality. This indicates that the relationship between science and religion is one of clarification rather than a source of conflict (Honner, 1994). Therefore rather than thinking about a conflict being in existence, we should follow the results of scientific research and studies to better clarify religious beliefs. Through scientific research we are able to uncover and understand the abstract concepts that religion defines. Queries about our existence can be answered by a careful examination of religious concepts complimented with a thorough scientific analysis. In an article name God, creation, science, religion: the conflicts by Tom Chivers, the author tells us that scientist in order to deduce the actual age of the Earth moved to religious transcripts appearing in the Bible. Although the Bible did not provide dates however did contain information on the characteristics of the people at the time. This was a major input in the scientific breakthrough (Tom, 2009). The scientific declarations cannot be denied as they have been institutional to the development of the knowledge and understanding regarding the universe. By further considering the importance of religion we would come across certain questions that have been yet to be answered by scientific research. Through this connection we can uncover various mysteries concerning the universe and everything within it (Tom, 2009). People should develop a thorough understanding of the concepts of both extremes. Through this understanding we would be able to develop a much better connection between science and religion and resolve all mysteries which would give us a better understanding of who we are and why we exist. Referring to the first counter argument, it states that science and religion converge because a level of spirituality exists between the followers of the two extremes. The argument is refuted by the original thesis stating that although the spiritual level does exist however this would not lead to the convergence of ideas arising within the two schools of thoughts. The reason behind it is the fact that there is a lack of acceptance of conclusions by scholars of both the extremes leading to a never ending conflict. Referring to the second counter argument, it states that science and religion add to each other in way that science leads to a better understanding of moral behavior which is a pre-requisite for religious believers. However the original thesis refutes this argument by saying that although the concepts add to each other however there are vast misconceptions in the minds of the followers of both science and religion. These misconceptions come in the middle and cause the conflict to extend rather than reaching a resolution point. Referring to the final counter argument, it states that there is no conflict between the fields because religious beliefs and knowledge acts as a basis of scientific research and discovery. This argument is challenged by the original thesis in a manner that although this can be the case however people classify themselves as being either religious or scientific. Due to this classification, the connection between science and religion cannot be established. References Alfred, N. (n. d. ). Religion and Science. Retrieved on October 4th, 2011 from http://www. theatlantic. com/magazine/archive/1925/08/religion-and-science/4220/ Dan, C. (2006). God vs. Science. Retrieved on October 4th, 2011 from http://www. time. com/time/magazine/article/0%2c9171%2c1555132%2c00. html Elaine, H. (2010). â€Å"Science vs. Religion† discovers what scientists really think about religion. Retrieved on October 4th, 2011 from http://www. washingtonpost. com/wpdyn/content/article/2010/05/28/AR2010052801856. tml Ecklund, E. , Park, J. Z. (2009). Conflict Between Religion and Science Among Academic Scientists?. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 48(2), 276-292. doi:10. 1111/j. 1468-5906. 2009. 01447. x Honner, J. (1994). Science vs. religion (II). Commonweal, 121(16), 14. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Martin-Hansen, L. (2008). First-Year College Students’ Conflict with Religion and Science. Science Education, 17(4), 317-357. doi:10. 1007/s111 91-006-9039-5 Tom, C. (2009). God, creation, science, How to cite Are Science and Religion in Conflict?, Essay examples

Kornberg Essays - Guggenheim Fellows, Arthur Kornberg, Severo Ochoa

Kornberg A. Personal Information Arthur Kornberg (1918-), American biochemist and physician, claims he has never met ?a dull enzyme.? He has devoted his life to pursuing and purifying these critical protein molecules. His love of science did not spring from a family history rooted in science. He was born on March 3rd, 1918, the son of a sewing machine operator in the sweatshops of the Lower East Side of New York City. His parents, Joseph Aaron Kornberg and Lena Rachel Katz, were immigrant Jews who made great sacrifices to ensure the safety of their family. They had fled Poland, for if they had stayed, they would have been murdered in a German concentration camp. His grandfather had abandoned the paternal family name Queller, of Spanish origin. This was done to escape the fate of the army draft; he had taken the name of Kornberg, a man who had already done his service. His father used their meager earnings to bring and settle his family in New York City and was thrust into the sweatshops as a sewing machine operator. He, along with his brother Martin, 13 years older and sister Ella, nine years older, was encouraged by loving parents to obtain a good education. The public school reinforced this ideal. Education was the road of opportunity for social and economic mobility out of the sweatshops. His early education in grade school and Abraham Lincoln High School in Brooklyn was distinguished only by his ?skipping ? several grades. There was nothing inspirational about his courses except the teachers' encouragement to get good grades. When he received a grade of 100 in the New York State Regents Examination, his chemistry teacher glowed with pride. It was the first time in over twenty years of teaching that a student of his had gotten a perfect grade. Arthur was a brilliant student who graduated from high school at the age of fifteen. He enrolled in City College in uptown Manhattan. Competition among a large body of bright and highly motivated students was fierce in all subjects. His high school interest in chemistry carried over into college. After receiving his B.S. degree in biology and chemistry in 1937, and since City College offered no graduate studies or research laboratories at that time, he became one of two hundred pre-med students at the University of Rochester. All through college he worked as a salesman in his parents' furnishing store, and earned about $14 a week. This along with a New York State Regents Scholarship of $100 a year and with no college tuition to pay he was able to save enough money to pay for the first half of medical school. While a student, he became aware of a mild jaundice (yellowing) in his eyes. He observed a similar condition among other students and patients at the hospital and published these findings, his first professional paper, in the Journal of Clinical Investigation. He enjoyed studying to become a doctor, and his goal was to practice internal medicine, preferably in an academic setting. The medical school curriculum was uncrowded and close contact with a distinguished faculty was encouraged, but to his shock anti-Semitism was rampant in the academic circles. He was denied academic awards and research opportunities because he was Jewish. He had hoped to receive one of the fellowships from the medical school which allowed a few outstanding students to spend a year doing research, even though the idea of spending a significant amount of his days in the laboratory had no appeal at that time. To his disappointment he was passed over in every department, due to the ethnic and religious barriers which existed during that time, even though his grades were the highest. Although one professor at Rochester stood out, William S. McCann, Chairman of the Department of Medicine, the only one who made any effort to help Kornberg. William McCann persuaded a wealthy patient to endow a scholarship of which Kornberg was the recipient. This enabled Kornberg to pursue his first research project (on jaundice), and allowed him to be appointed to an internship in medicine, and then to an assistant residency, which would groom him for a career in academic medicine. Following his graduation in 1941, Kornberg enlisted in the U.S. Coast Guard, being assigned duty as a medical officer in the Caribbean. Officials at the National Institute of Health in Maryland, aware of his brief clinical study on the subject of jaundice, arranged for Kornberg's transfer to the institute. He spent the remainder of World War II carrying out research in the nutrition laboratory. In 1943, Kornberg married Sylvy Levy;

A window of the world Essays

A window of the world Essays A window of the world Paper A window of the world Paper Television advocates often claim to present window on the world a picture of reality which gives viewers unprecedented access to the world outside their community or country. When television was first created many, such as Lord Reith, the first BBC general director and others claimed that even then that television would be a window of the world. However, is this statement valid now, if indeed it ever did. To insinuate that television is a window of the world is to imply that observing the television is the same as looking out of a window in a house, however, the difference is a television set allows the audience to choose anybodys window of the world to look out of. To a certain extent television does represent a window of the world. The reason for this is television allows the audience to see and experience other cultures, other countries that they may not, if it was not for the existence of television. Another argument is that television portrays life through different genres such as the news, documentaries and soap operas especially. An example of television being a window of the world is the broadcasting of the Iraqi War as we saw pictures of what life was like in Iraq before and after the war. We also saw the statue of Saddam Hussein being torn down. During the war we were saturated with images of the war, which we have never seen before. However, it could also be claimed that the news, especially during war time does not give us a window of the world due to broadcasting laws, and censorship, also they have to be careful of what images they use as they may be distressing. Also, on the first year anniversary of the attack on the World Trade Centre, the BBC broadcasted a documentary called 9/11, which filmed the two aeroplanes hitting the Twin Towers as it actually happened. In addition, it depicted how the fire fighters dealt with the crisis. Thus, this could be described as being a window of the world because it shown an important event as it unfolded. Another genre where it could be argued that represents a window of the world is soap operas, as soaps often portrays contemporary issues, such as domestic violence, paedophilia, and mental illnesses. In addition, often when we watch television we occasionally relate to characters in soap operas or in other types of television programmes, suggesting that the audience knows people who are like the characters, like friends or families, alternatively, they could have gone through similar experiences to a character, thus, suggesting that soap operas do in some way depict reality. Allen states that One of the most popular images of a daytime soap opera is one who cant tell the difference between reality and fiction. A small minority of viewers does believe what they are watching is reality, and as a result viewers may send wedding presents when characters in the soap are getting married, or may attack a soap villain when they see them on the street. For these people, television is truly a window of the world. However, it is argued that very few people do behave in this way and can differentiate between reality and fiction. However, events in soap operas such as Eastenders or Coronation Street happen during a short time span, whereas in real-life it would happen during a longer period of time, and thus cannot represent real-life. Also, in viewers lives they have periods of dullness and inactivity, however, this is rare in a soap characters life. In addition, soaps sometimes adapt news stories to make into a storyline, for example during the 1980s there were growing incidents of aids, and lead to schedules being saturated with programmes discussing, reporting and analysing the growing Aids crisis. In addition, the more realistic and grittier soap operas such as Eastenders and Brookside began using it in their storylines. However, it could be argued that television does not represent a window on the world. The reason for this is because television programmes is constructed of highly selective images of what goes on in the world. Thus, television creates someone elses view of the world rather than reflecting. Also, television does not represent a window on the world because television programmes is acted, and edited. Thus, television is carefully constructed to appeal to the target audience. In addition, television may represent a window on the world for some, however, some programmes may be biased towards subjects such as politics or religion, therefore, and some programmes may not represent everybodys view without leaning towards one viewpoint. In conclusion this essay has addressed the question To what extent does television represent a window of the world? To a certain extent television does represent a window of the world as it portrays real-life events. However, it does not always represent television as a window of the world as television can be biased and does not represent everyones window of the world.

ROSSI Surname Meaning and Family History

ROSSI Surname Meaning and Family History Rossi originated as a  descriptive surname meaning red-haired or ruddy-complexioned individual, derived from the nickname rosso, meaning red. The Rossi surname was most common in northern Italy. Surname Origin:  Italian Alternate Surname Spellings:  ROSSO, ROSSA, RUSSI, RUSSO, RUGGIU, RUBIU, ROSSELLI, ROSSELLO, ROSSELLINI, RISSIELLO, ROSSILLO, ROSSETTI, ROSSETTO, ROSSETTINI, ROSSITTI, ROSSITTO, ROSSINI, ROSSINO, ROSSOTTI, ROSSOTTO, ROSSINI, ROSSONE, ROSSUTO, RUSSELLO, RUSSINO, RUSSOTTI, RUSSOTTO, RUSSIANI, RUSSOLILLO Famous People with the Surname ROSSI Portia de Rossi - Australian actress born under the name Amanda Lee Rogers; wife of talk show host Ellen DeGeneresAldo Rossi - Italian architectValentino Rossi - Italian professional motorcycle racer Where is the ROSSI Surname Most Common? The Rossi surname is the 875th most common surname in the world, according to surname distribution data from  Forebears. It is found most prevalently in Italy, by far- it ranks as the #1 surname in the country. It is also very common in San Marino, where it ranks 8th, as well as Monaco (4th), Argentina (51st) and Switzerland (73rd). WorldNames PublicProfiler  pinpoints the Rossi surname as being particularly common throughout northern Italy, especially in the regions of Umbria, Toscana, Emilia-Romagna, Marche, Liguria, Corse, Lazio, Molise, Lombardia and Veneto. It is next most frequently found in Argentina, followed by Switzerland, France and Luxembourg. Genealogy Resources for the Surname ROSSI Italian Surname Meanings OriginsUncover the meaning of your Italian last name with this guide to how Italian surnames came about, and a list of the 50 most common Italian surnames. Rossi Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Rossi  family crest or coat of arms for the Rossi surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. The ROSSI DNA ProjectIndividuals with the Rossi surname are invited to join this project to  work together to find their common heritage through DNA testing and sharing of information. ROSSI Family Genealogy ForumThis free message board is focused on descendants of Rossi ancestors around the world. Search the forum for posts about your Rossi ancestors, or join the forum and post your own queries.   FamilySearch - ROSSI  GenealogyExplore over 835,000  results from digitized  historical records and lineage-linked family trees related to the Rossi surname on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. ROSSI Surname Mailing ListFree mailing list for researchers of the Rossi surname and its variations includes subscription details and a searchable archives of past messages. GeneaNet - Rossi RecordsGeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Rossi surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries. The Rossi Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Rossi surname from the website of Genealogy Today. Ancestry.com: Rossi SurnameExplore over 740,000 digitized records and database entries, including census records, passenger lists, military records, land deeds, probates, wills and other records for the Rossi surname on the subscription-based website, Ancestry.com. - References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. Back to  Glossary of Surname Meanings Origins

Consumer behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Consumer behaviour - Essay Example efines what constitutes marketing, explores the dynamics of consumer motivation, and then links these conceptions with consumer behaviour, using relevant examples, to understand how marketers respond to consumer behaviours and serve to influence them. Personal self-reflections by the researcher involving two consumption scenarios, with focus on the Tu clothing line by Sainsbury’s and the smartphone company, Blackberry, are explored in order to justify or refute theories of motivation, consumer behaviour and marketing that are investigated in the report’s review of literature. The explorations of theory versus real-world experiences in consumer behaviour and marketing underpin a relevant discussion about the relevancy of various motivational and behavioural models. By evaluating theory and then applying it to real-life consumption decisions, it provides a framework by which to critique various theoretical models or provide ample support for their viability and relevancy in what drives consumption decision-making. Exploration of secondary research underpins the investigation of primary research reflection and establishes a conceptual framework of best practice for today’s marketers that are marketing products to consumers fitting my personal target market profile. Marketing is a set of activities within an organisation that attempt to communicate a product or service’s value to potential or existing customers, with the intention of ensuring sales of these goods or services. Marketing is a series of different processes which assist in satisfying the needs of important target customers that effective describe the benefits that customers will receive by selecting one company’s products over a competitor (Kotler and Keller 2009). There are many techniques involved in an organisation’s marketing process, including selection of desirable target markets through segmentation and analyses of consumers and other market conditions. A firm must understand consumer

Obesity in New Orleans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Obesity in New Orleans - Essay Example That ... would be like a 5-foot-8-inch person weighing 197 pounds. The National Institutes of Health defines morbid obesity as a BMI above 40." (Graves). New Orleans is the city that loves to eat. It's no wonder, that this passion is reflected on the appearance and health of dwellers. The estimated quantity of overweight people in the New Orleans is 60% percent. The officials say it is obesity that is the cause for most diseases the New Orleans dwellers suffer from. They also add that the obesity-related diseases account for more than half of Louisiana's health care budget. (Sell) In 2005 Men's Fitness ranked New Orleans the seventh fattest city in the country. In 2004 it was on the twenty second place. The quantity of obese people in New Orleans is growing rapidly with each passing year, and thus the quantity of those, who suffer from the obesity-related diseases, also increases. New Orleans dwellers become less active, and eat more. One of the reasons of this process is that the fast foods are gaining popularity in New Orleans, the same as in the other American cities. The contemporary pace of life often doesn't allow time for cooking at home, thus the families either eat out, or order food home. It is rarely that families order home healthy foods like salad.

Rotating Wall Vessel Bioreactor

Rotating Wall Vessel Bioreactor Abstract Recently there are significant amount of research work undergoing about tissue engineering and bioreactor designing. Therefore, there are so may research paper published around the world. It may use embryonic stem cell, mesenchymal stem cell, tissue graft or other animal spaces tissues or cell for development of human and animal medicine treatment. In that case there should be some ethics and laws to control the usage of the tissue or cell in the medical treatment. Some government organizations and private sector by independently or by joining do some research work about the tissue engineering and bioreactor designing. The cardiovascular system is the major disease problem in the human and animal medicine treatment. In recent decade there are cell and tissue engineering and the bioreactor designing involving treating the cardiovascular disease condition. Researchers may try to develop heart valve, wall and blood vessel etc. Hole in the heart is complex congenital heart diseases, in n ew born babies and leading causes of mortality. The treatment of this kind of the cardiovascular disease only performed surgery correction, the very painful after the surgery at tolerate by baby. When correcting the hole, that must have closed properly otherwise it lead to another problem to the young one, but measurement of the diameter of the hole is very difficult and correction also very difficult. In the recent decade there is stem cell therapy and the tissue engineering has rapidly developed. By using stem cell and tissue culture there are so many researches and development of the treatment about cardiovascular system. Myocardial tissue engineering developed the heart tissue by using the stem cells in three-dimensional matrices of biodegradable polymers scaffold is the innovation of the myocardial constructs and cardiovascular treatment. Introduction The heart is the most important organs in the human body. It transports blood to the organs, tissues, and cells of the body. Blood delivers oxygen and nutrients to every cell and removes the carbon dioxide and waste products excreted by those cells. A Holes in the Heart is an opening in the septum between atria or ventricles of heart, this is congenital condition. 8-10/1000 live born babies has congenital defects in the heart. This condition occurred during the babys heart does not develop inside the womb; no specific cause for this condition, but some increase risk of being born. If mother had German measles or toxoplasmosis during pregnancy, or if she has diabetes, or if someone else in her family was born with a heart complaint. A hole in the heart may be noticed in the first few months of life or even before the baby is born, sometimes a hole is not found until a person is much older. This often happens when the hole is between the upper chambers of heart. It may notice person a re feeling a bit short of breath and dont know why. But sometimes there are no complaints at all. Because of the hole, the flow of blood through the heart is abnormal. This makes noises in the heart, so a doctor can find the hole by listening to the heart with a stethoscope. If the doctor hears a murmur, this tells the doctor there could be a hole. If the doctor thinks there is a hole, person will have an echocardiogram ultrasound test of heart. Sometimes the hole isnt found until a person is much older when they notice they are feeling tired and breathless and cant find a reason for it. Some holes are so small that they cause no problem and are left alone. Some holes in small babies may close by themselves: if the cardiologist thinks this is likely, he will not close it immediately, but wait for some time to see if it has closed by itself, by repeating an echo. Other holes must be closed, either because they are already a problem, or because they will cause a problem in the future .   There are three different types: Atrial Septal Defect (ASD): this is a hole in the wall between the atria (interatrial septum). This causes more blood to flow to the lungs and may not have any symptoms; the excess flow can damage the lungs. If the hole is small, and doesnt affect the function of heart, theres no need to fix it. Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD): this is a hole in the interventricular septum or wall between two lower chambers (RV and LV). If its large, can change the mechanics in heart. This makes the heart work harder than it should and can enlarge it. If the hole is small, and doesnt affect the function of heart, theres no need to fix it. Atrioventricular Septal Defect: this is a large hole in the middle of heart between the atria and ventricles. Some people with this condition only have one valve between the atria and ventricles instead of two. This defect can also damage the lungs by allowing too much blood to flow to the lungs. Although this condition is uncommon, t can be found in babies born with Downs syndrome. VSDs are the commonest lesion about 25-30% of all congenital heart defects whereas ASD are about 5-8% of them. Another point to remember is that all of us are born with small ASD. However, VSD is never found in normal heart. The only treatment available  was surgical closure. Though the ultimate outcome was good, these children had to inevitably suffer the pain, scar and long hospital stay. There are two ways to do this. The first way is via an operation called catheterisation. This is when a cardiologist puts a tube into leg that goes up towards heart.   Then put a device through that tube so that it fits into the hole. When its in the right place, the device opens like a little umbrella, and blocks the hole. The device stays inside forever. This is not possible, because of the size, shape or position of the hole. In these more complicated situations, a surgeon will perform an operation where he puts a patch over the hole directly. If holes have between the two pump chambers of the heart that stay open, will need antibiotic treatment at certain times. This might be before having other operations or serious treatment at the dentist.  Most patients who have ASD/VSD corrections go on to lead perfectly normal lives. Person will be followed-up for a short period, but if everythings OK after a year, wont need to worry about it ever again. It also doesnt increase the chances of having any other heart-related issues in the future but should take regular exercise and aim for a healthy diet. After correction of the hole in the heart there are low risk for structural degeneration, thrombo-embolism and endocarditis and growth potential for paediatric patient. From 1970s onwards, a group of cardiologists started thinking differently. They experimented on animals by creating holes in their hearts and then tried closing them without surgery. Gradually they replicated the whole procedure on humans. For the last twenty years, nonsurgical closure or device closure has bee n the normal. Adult life heart muscle cells do not proliferate, if there is damage or injuries happened to the heart, functional tissue try to form the non-functional scar tissue. In 1996, 98 Klug et al. Suggest that development of human Embryonic stem cell derived cardiomyocytes help for therapy of cardiac disease. There are some experiments done by using stem cells. Stem cells are the cell ability for self-renewal and the potential for differentiating into mature cell types. The embryonic stem cells can give rise to almost every mature cell type, while adult stem cells are classified as restricted to differentiation into only few types of mature cells. The mesenchymal stem cell can only differentiate to one specific mature cell type, are referred to as precursor cells. First clinical applications of stem cells for cardiac regeneration comprised cell transplantation trials. These trials were less successful than promising preclinical studies; these efforts initiated intense research activities providing new insight into the mechanisms of tissue growth and differentiation. Cardiac tissue engineering is focused on three different organ subunits: the myocardium, valves, and vessels. These three compounds of the heart can already be replaced by artificial or biological transplant constructs with th eir respective limitations, like assist devices, commercial heart valves, autologous coronary bypasses, etc. When developing the heart tissue must consider produced cardiomyocytes, vascular endothelial cell and the smooth muscles cell. Engineering these tissues must compete with the durability, efficiency and safety of existing substitutes and be affordable at the same time. Tissue engineering is the development of biological substitutes that restore, maintain, or improve tissue function or a whole organ, includes an in vitro. During designing of bioreactor, physiochemical environment maintain is very impotent, that will help to kept high quality of the stem cells and high degree of reproducibility of the cells. But must make sure cell culture has developed under sterile environment and sufficient nutrition and waste product exchange throughout the medium and clean and maintain the medium. After that, design some mechanical and hydrodynamic force to compression or expansion of the developing tissue, like shear stress to the tissue. Then maintain steady flow of media in pulsatile manner and reduce the excessive turbulence in the fluid flow rate. Other than that, must provide the low volume capacity for effective use for growth factors and medium, also select the fabricate material compatible with the heart tissue or stem cell. The bioreactor designing for heart tissue development must determine some specific design and functional requirement. Both biomechanical and biochemical factors affect the growth of t he cell therefore essential to create some control mechanism by stimulate the physiological environment for heart cell growth, like pulsatile forces, pressure, flow rate, compression, expansion, shear stress, frequency, stroke rate and stroke volume. Other than that, when creating heart tissue must consider cardiac flow rate and pressure. When consider the design the bioreactor, there are nutrition, oxygen, carbon dioxide, waste product, pH, temperature and humidity are main important biochemical controls affect the growth of the cell. There than the flow rate, volume, shear stress, pressure, resistance and compliance like biomechanical controls also involved in the cell growth. Therefore, specific bioreactors are need for the growth of the stem cell. Because inside the body, cells are always stimulated by mechanical, electrical and chemical signals, these influencing their behaviour. In fact, biological tissues adapt their structure and composition to surrounding specific and funct ional demands. By putting cells alone or only in contact with materials in culture medium is not enough to obtain a functional tissue. In vivo, the heart valves are subject to a unique combination of mechanical stimuli, including flexure, shear stress, and tension (Vesely and Boughner 1989). In growth of the embryonic stem cells require temperature, partial pressure of oxygen, partial pressure of carbon dioxide, pH, and shear force and biochemical conditions of their micro- and macro-environment. Then try to find homogeneous and constant conditions for micro- and macro-environment for the entire cells population. By uneven cell distribution, lack of nutrition and oxygen and insufficient extracellular matrix production cause some limitation to bioreactor scaffold in stem cell culture. Therefore, get rid of those must make to stem cell onto polymers, which will increase the mechanical strength of the heart tissue construction and develop subsequent tissue formation. To develop a bioreactor to provide cyclic flexural stimulation, to demonstrate the operation of the bioreactor and sterility maintenance and to evaluate the effects of unidirectional flexure on the effective stiffness of bioresorbable polymeric scaffolds which have been used extensively in the tissue engineering of the heart tissue. Therefore, must design the devices for closed controlled environment in which biological and/or biochemical processes are developed maintained pH, temperature, pressure, nutrient supply and waste removal, with high degree of reproducibility of the heart valve. Therefore, bioreactors are particularly crucial for the regeneration of complex 3D tissues. The bioreactor was designed using 3D software. The structural element of the device was machined from polysulfone; chosen for its excellent thermal and chemical stability; and abrasion-resistant acrylic; which provides good optical transparency. Culture medium was Dulbeccos Modified Eagles Medium with 4.5 g/L glucose and L-glutamine supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. Antibiotics were excluded to assess the intrinsic ability of the bioreactor to maintain sterility. When developing scaffold use the degradable material and permanent materials as in artificial implants and in use of cells. Then preparing scaffold must test in vitro and in vivo how they hypotheses of scaffold and cell interaction, scaffold effect on tissue growth and 3D environment effect on stem cell differentiation. Scaffold materials consisted of a non-woven mesh of polyglycolic acid(PGA) fibers dip-coated with poly-4-hydroxybutyrate (P4HB), and a non- woven, 50:50 blend, mesh of PGA and poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) fibers dip-coated with P4HB. The PGA and PGA/PLLa scaffold had an approximate fiber diameter of 0.012-0.015 mm and density of 69mg/ml. Rectangular scaffold sample were cut to size (approximately 257.5x2mm) and dipped briefly into a solution of P4HB in tetrahydrofuran (1% wt/vol), resulting in a P4HB coatin g following solvent evaporation. P4HB is a bioresorbable thermoplastic that allows for scaffold to be moulded into any shape. Scaffold were cold gas sterilized with ethylene oxide prior to use. The use of bioreactors, chambers which provide the flow of nutrient media for the development and culture of heart valves construct, to provide an environment which as closely as possible mimics the natural in vivo conditions. These bioreactors have been designed for pulsatile flow, driven by a pulsatile pump, which leads to the exertion of only a positive pressure. This is not the case in vivo, as during the cardiac cycle the positive pressure exerted by fluid force is slightly counterbalanced by a little vacuum. Stem cells grow in vitro under bioreactor conditions must provide the nutrient and they produced the nitrogen contain waste product, but they sensitive to the nitrogenated waste product. This will be varying with the tissue and that will change the shear stresses effecting on the tissue. The oxygen pressure is maintained at set constant value with calculated volume of solution added every time to the medium. Other way round maintained the carbon dioxide pressure at set cons tant value with calculated volume of waste product removed from the medium. Oxygen is most important nutrients for cells in all aerobic metabolic cycles. It is the limiting nutrient in successful tissue growth in vitro, sufficient amounts of oxygen to the surface of the cells mainly because of the poor solubility of oxygen in culture media. In that case hypo-oxygen or hyper-oxygen stresses will be concern the stem cell culture causes of programmed cell death or apoptosis. Therefore, adjust the stem cell for the anaerobic cell metabolism with low oxygen tension (40 mmHg) and low pH or for aerobic cell metabolism with higher oxygen tension (80mmHg) and high pH. Then living tissue is sensitive to pH changes in the medium, during maintain of the oxygen level must maintain the pH also. Other than that glucose and lactate are providing to cell metabolic process. Therefore, they act as the indicator for cells activity. In the bioreactor environment stem cell proliferates and increased the mass that leads the limitation of the final size of the tissue grow. Other than that, there are spaces to pass oxygen and nutrient throughout the scaffold otherwise this also leads to limitation of the tissue growth. Therefore, bioreactor must design to proper diffusion of oxygen and the nutrient and mass proliferation; cell will survive and proliferate within 150-200 µm distance. Shear stress will affect the tissue culture growth, most of the stem cell responds to it. They are proliferating according the orientation of the flow direction. In that case stem cell can aggregates by using higher shear stress that can be used for tissue function and viability. If design the rotating bioreactor that can decrease the shear stress and avoids the contact between the cells and the wall of the bioreactor, chamber must permanently rotate with one direction and control to forming uniformed growth of the tissue. But if design the non-rotating bioreactor then must create the specific mechanical stress applied on the cell culture, by perfusion solution can passed through the cell tissues by flow through the culture chamber. Some experiments were demonstrated that the shears stress 0.1 dyn/cm2 was ideal for stem cell to growth. If that exceeds the shears stress 1 dyn/cm2 were damaged the cells and the shears 0.01 dyn/cm2 were insufficient to promote the growth.   Bioreactors have developed functional heart tissue in vitro environment over specific biochemical and physical signals known to regulate cell differentiation, by improving the formation of the heart tissue by proving uniformed mixing pattern, transported the nutrient to enhance the cell growth and hydrodynamic or mechanical stimulation for stem cell to develop. Simple static flasks or a magnetically stirred flask is not suitable environment for 3-dimensional heart tissue scaffolds to develop. To develop the lowest possible homogeneous cell number for heart tissue, must grow the cell with uniform and efficient of porous scaffolds. When compare the cells seeding into mixed petri dishes yield with the static loading of the cell into the scaffolds has thicker constructs and more spatially uniformed distribution of cells. By seeding in rotating vessels or mixed flask must maintain a uniformed suspension of isolated cells and provide a relative velocity between cells and the scaffold durin g seeding. Dynamic seeding using mixed flasks will show to achieve seeding efficiencies approaching 100% but led to cell densities higher at the scaffold periphery. Therefore, when design bioreactor; must provide the scaffold perfusion with a cell suspension in alternate directions, which lead to the more homogenous seeding on a variety of scaffold with potential yield. Once the cells are associated with the scaffold, cell-polymer constructs can be cultured in bioreactors applying specific regimes of fluid flow. Selecting rotation wall vessels bioreactor The bioreactors are used for proliferation of cells on a small or large scale, to generate 3D tissue constructs, a certain process must occur. That case the cells are proliferated in a bioreactor to provide the quantity of cells needed. The cell loses their specialized characteristics during the process of proliferation is the problem. Therefore, microcarrier culture used for improves cell expansion significantly and that mixed the bioreactor system well. After the cell proliferation they must associate with enhanced heart tissue formation. In above process cells must receive proper nutrition and a stable environment. There for controlled the temperature, optimum pH, sufficient substrate, water, salts, vitamins, and oxygen. The Rotating-wall vessel culture is the best bioreactor for culturing constructs stained intensely, and homogeneously for scaffold for their cross-sectional area. Inside the bioreactor a dynamic flow generated by a rotating fluid environment is an alternative and efficient way to reduce diffusion limitations of nutrients and wastes. The rotation produced the low level of the shear stress to the cells, creating mechanical stimulation. Other than that, there are other mechanical forces that affect the cells during growth, like mechanical compression, hydrodynamic pressure, and fluid flow. They will affect the magnitude, frequency, and duty of the bioreactor cycle.   To control the free-falling state adjusted the rotation speed, it protects the fragile tissue by decreasing the shear stress and avoiding the contact between cells and the walls of the bioreactor. During 1990s NASA scientist did some research about the microgravity involved in to the cell tissue of the mammals. They used the closed tubular cylinder forms the systems cell culture chamber, which filled with a liquid medium where the cell grows on micron-size beads. The chamber has rotated along the horizontal axis; in that case they allowed the cell to develop in an environment like the free fall of microgravity. They supply oxygen and nutrition through a porous wall in the chamber, as same way they removed the waste product and the carbon dioxide. The rotating wall vessel bioreactor is providing the conditions of weightlessness for microbes by growing them inside of a slowly rotating liquid-filled chamber. The process of the rotation liquid has counteracted with slow sedimentation of the cell by creating a constant free fall of the cells through the culture medium. While rotation cell gets a slight sheer stress from liquid, lead to avoid the flattened on the bottom of the container. The scientist used the clear shell for allowed to check growth and cylindrical filter holds on the centre for supply the oxygen and nutrition and removed the carbon dioxide and waste products. And, they insure the fluid rotation without shear stress would leads to destroy the cells. They noticed rotation vessels did not cancelled the gravity, but that maintain the cells in continual free fall environment inside the shell.   Bioreactors for the application of physical forces to engineered cartilage tissues. In the rotating wall vessel system (A), the rotational speed is adjusted so that the drag force of the medium (Fd) is balanced by the centrifugal (Fc) and gravitational (Fg) forces. The constructs are thus maintained in a tumble-slide regime and the resulting dynamic laminar flow enhances the production and accumulation of cartilaginous extracellular matrix. Specific culture chambers (B) have been developed for the application of direct deformation to engineered constructs. Chambers include wells to allocate tissue constructs (I), a magnetic bar for medium stirring (II), an inlet/outlet port for medium change (III), a cover lid to maintain sterility (IV), and micrometer screws to accurately establish the contact position between the plungers and each specimen (V). The cell seeding is effects of shaking speed and initial cell concentration in suspension on cell culture medium, therefore cell seeding must do in efficiency. In that case initial seeding density and cell distribution within the scaffolds must understand. Initially cell concentration is low, in that time seeding efficiency and initial density will decreased with increasing shaking speed. But high initial cell concentration that will reverse the result. All the different cell concentration uniformity of the cell distribution decreased with increased shaking speed. But under the same shaking intensity were observed with on significant differences in uniformity between cells with different initial concentration. In vitro the tissue engineering of heart tissue structures is to develop combined cell seeding and perfusion system. Cell seeding is consisting of whole system, that incorporated into the perfusion system and air-driven respirator pump connected to the bioreactor. Therefore, ce ll culture medium is closed-loop system that will continuously circulate. Therefore, scientist developed a cell seeding device for static and dynamic seeding of vascular cells onto a polymeric vascular scaffold and a closed-loop perfuse bioreactor for long term vascular conditioning. By using cell seeding chamber can be easily connected to the bioreactor, which have combines continuous pulsatile perfusion and mechanical stimulation to the tissue -engineered conduct. In that scientist adjust the stroke volume, the stroke rate, and inspiration/ expiration time of the ventilator allow various pulstile flows and different levels of pressure. Discussion When selecting of the scaffold consider the biocompatibility, reproducibility, biodegradability, ability to be processed to complex shapes, ability to support cell growth and proliferation and mechanical properties of materials. Other than that, scaffolds must have similar electrical and functional activity with create systolic force. The limited availability of the incubator space; the place where the multiple bioreactors place, in this space multiple bioreactors must be places. Development of the stem cell is temperature depended process, any cells grow at body temperature in optimal level therefore temperature must maintain in that level as possible. The bioreactor design must set the temperature parameter to monitor the temperature. If inside temperature changes by increased or decreased then that must alarm on, then it can adjust manually. Sterility is very important throughout the development of the heart tissue. We used flask and glass vessels with threaded fitting, which is cheap and proved to maintain perfect sterility. To reduce the risk of contamination, make sure all connections before sterilisation and sterilize bottles with correction solutions connected to the vessel, by using either alcohol or stem. The tubing can be placed into the pump head easily after the sterilization. Because contamination of the medium lead to the growth of the heart tissue. Therefore, bioreactor must develop as a semi-closed system. Maintain the small cell culture medium all the time, easy replace the balance amount of the cell culture medium for requirement created by cell seeded as soon as possible. If require in addition to that easy seeding of the additional cells. Maintain the oxygen level in the medium is very essential; therefore, reassure the amount of the oxygen in the medium is enough for the development of the stem cells. When we maintain the pH level in the medium that passively adjust oxygen level in the medium, by enrich the medium with CO2 level up to 5%. The biocompatible substances must use when the designing process of the bioreactor, those substance will not kill the stem cell during the tissue growth. There are many analytic parameters, those must monitor regularly with some sensory methods to alarm if there are any changes occur in the media and correct it manually. Any design bioreactor can have ability to experiment several times with longer period. If there are any alternations, like chan ge the cell culture medium with ingredients needed or changer scaffold materials change those and can perform the process easily. By using roller pump can sucks the cell culture medium from the bioreactor, which leads to stress of the scaffold. This help to stem cell growth towards the heart tissue. This bioreactor must use inside the hospital, for treat each of the hole in the heart patient therefore this must produce low cost heart tissue for the patient. Other than that, there should be very low laboratory involvement and convince for patient and the surgeon. When using this kind of tissue engineering think some social highlight that affect the both quality and quantity of the life. Some religious background this technology is some bad for the life, ethical concern there are some extent to do those kinds of experiment. But medical point of view this is the good solution for treatment of the patient without suffering. In that case be careful of handling with stem cell and other, that will lead to caused critical threat to handler. Conclusions The developed bioreactor has set sterility at least week, with working tool for conducting experiments regarding heart tissue growth. The growth of the heart tissue helps to develop entire heart, which can helpful to many heart diseases. Nutrition concentration must keep in mind when performing the bioreactor process. When the time of the replacing the medium nutrition concentration must maintain, also try to minimize the number of time replacement the medium. Acknowledgment I would like to thank Professor Alicia El Haj, Dr. Nicholas R. Forsyth and Dr. Ying Yang for their support and guidance in completing this study. I would like to special thank Dr. Sun Tao for his support and guidance in completing this study.

Being A Teenager Essay

Is hard, harder than some can imagine, harder than some can even remember. It’s those years you’ll never forget, though sometimes you wish you could wipe away. They seem to last forever, but when you look back, they went by so fast. Being a teenager is falling in love too fast, and too hard, talking for hours on the phone to your best friends, being talked about and talking about others. It’s being guilty when you’re innocent, it’s standing out and fitting in, it’s when you have a million questions that will N-E-V-E-R be answered. Being a teenager isn’t something you can really describe, unless you’re living it at the same time. It’s dealing with life when it crashes down on you, and trying your hardest to live through it. Everyone has their tough times, everyone goes through something, but being a teenager, that’s when you feel everything at once. When you’re in love you’re R-E-A-L-L-Y in love, when you hate someone you â€Å"despise† them, when you’re lonely, you’re miserable. Being a teenager is something you always have to go through, and it the best and worst years of your life. Being a teenager isn’t anything- it’s everything. It isn’t a big deal- it’s a HUGE deal. And while you’re being a teenager, you ought to live it up, because this is the one chance, the one time, you’ll fall in love for real, you’ll be really and truly happy. You’ll be young, and free, and careless, as teenagers usually are†¦When we honestly ask ourselves which person in our lives mean the most to us, we often find that it is those who, instead of giving advice, solutions, or cures, have chosen rather to share our pain and touch our wounds with a warm and tender hand. The friend who can be silent with us n a moment of despair or confusion, who can stay with us in an hour of grief , who can tolerate not knowing, not curing, not healing and face us with reality of powerlessness, that is a friend who cares.

Academic Ethics And Academic Integrity Essay - 1276 Words

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